Whether the rise in autism diagnoses reflects an actual increase in neurodevelopmental difference or stems from evolving diagnostic frameworks remains contested. Nevertheless, the data show a significant portion of today’s youth—particularly girls—are being identified with Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) at increasingly earlier stages (Russell et al., 2022). One of the critical challenges in identifying ASC among girls lies in the phenomenon of social masking—a process whereby individuals learn to imitate neurotypical behaviours in order to conform socially (Hull et al., 2017). Girls may develop advanced compensatory techniques, such as echoing social scripts or mirroring peers, which obscure clinical indicators and lead to late or missed diagnoses (Dean et al., 2017). Additionally, while boys with autism often express intense interest in niche or technical subjects (e.g. trains, numbers), girls' special interests—such as animals, books, or celebrities—tend to align with normative cultural expectations and are therefore more easily overlooked (Gould & Ashton-Smith, 2011).
This invisibility is compounded by the nature of female friendships, which may appear functional but are often shallow or one-sided. Autistic girls may still experience profound internal disconnection and social fatigue, concealed beneath polite conformity (Tierney, Burns & Kilbey, 2016). A similar misalignment exists in the diagnostic understanding of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Girls with ADHD are less likely to present with hyperactivity and impulsivity, instead displaying inattention, emotional sensitivity, and executive dysfunction—traits that may be misattributed to anxiety or poor motivation (Hinshaw et al., 2022).
This diagnostic gender gap highlights the importance of early, inclusive, and holistic interventions that support emotional regulation, focus, and social autonomy. While the destigmatisation of autism and ADHD has enabled more families to seek help, health and education systems have not adapted quickly enough. The backlog in diagnostic services is acute; as of early 2024, over 172,000 individuals were on the NHS waiting list for autism assessments (NHS England, 2024).
Emerging research suggests that environmental stressors—such as urban density, limited green space, and high familial tension—may play a role in the expression and severity of neurodevelopmental traits (Modabbernia, Velthorst & Reichenberg, 2017). Children from high-stress households, including those experiencing parental separation or economic instability, are more vulnerable to developing anxiety-linked behaviours, with studies linking such stressors to both autism and ADHD symptomatology (Estes et al., 2013; Bick & Nelson, 2016). In these contexts, what is often overlooked is the importance of space—physical, emotional, and psychological—where a child can feel sovereign and secure.
This is precisely where a garden play room, such as the Children’s Igloo, becomes not merely desirable but developmentally strategic. More than a playhouse, the Igloo offers a child-scaled, emotionally contained environment where children—especially those with sensory sensitivities or executive function challenges—can experiment with solitude, creativity, and autonomy on their own terms. For girls, the igloo becomes a retreat from the social surveillance of digital media, restoring a boundary between public performance and private self (Turkle, 2011). For boys, it becomes a workshop and den—a domain for self-directed projects and gentle, non-performative social interaction, such as collaborating on homework via Zoom or building Lego models without interruption. For children with ADHD, having an independent zone to regulate stimulation, rehearse routines, and engage in low-stakes, interest-led activity can significantly improve mood regulation, task initiation, and self-concept (Brown, 2013; Blakemore, 2018).